Chandrayaan-3 India's Moon lander and rover

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Chandrayaan-3 is the third Indian Lunar Exploration mission under the Indian Space Research Organizations Chandrayaan programme. It consists of a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan, similar to those of the Chandrayaan-2 mission. The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration to lunar orbit in preparation for a powered descent by the lander.

Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023. The lander and rover landed near the lunar South pole region on 23rd August 2023 making India the first country to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar South Pole and the fourth country to soft - land on the moon.

Spacecraft Design

Chandrayan -3 comprised three main components. It consists of an Indigenous Lander Module  (LM), Propulsion Module and a rover with an objective of developing and demonstrating new technologies required for Interplanetary missions. The lander will have the capability to soft land at a specified Lunar site and deploy the rover which will carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during the course of its mobility. The Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the Lunar Surface. The main function of the Propulsion Module is to carry the Lunar Module from launch vehicle injection till final Lunar 100 KM circular Polar Orbit and separate the Lunar Module from Propulsion Module.  Apart from this, the Propulsion Module also has one scientific payload as a value addition which will be operated post separation of Lander Module. the launcher identified for Chandrayaan-3 is LVM3 M4 which will place the integrated module in an Elliptic Parking Orbit of Size 170*36500 km.

Payloads

Lander 

1.Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiments (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.

2. Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity will measure the seismicity around the landing site. 

3. Langmuir Probe will estimate near - surface plasma density over time.

Rover

1. Alpha particle X-Ray spectrometer(APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer mineralogical composition of the lunar surface.

2. Last - Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition ( Mg, Al. Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of Lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.




The mission objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are:

1, To demonstrate Safe and Soft Landing on Lunar Surface

2. To demonstrate Rover roving on the moon and 

3. To conduct in-situ scientific experiments 

Technologies which are present in Lander:

Altimeter, Velocimeters, Inertial measurement, propulsion system, Navigation Guidance and control, hazard detection and Avoidance, Landing Leg Mechanism

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